WTF zkSync 极简入门: 7. Dapp 开发教程
这个系列教程帮助开发者入门 zkSync 开发。 推特:@0xAA_Science|@WTFAcademy_
所有代码和教程开源在 github: github.com/WTFAcademy/WTF-zkSync
在本教程中,我们将会完成:
- 与已创建的 NFT,TOKEN,TOKENPaymaster 合约进行交互
- 了解与使用 zkSync 基于 React 技术栈下的开发工具
- 构建一个集成 Paymaster 支付的 NFT 铸造页面,以允许用户使用 ERC20 代币支付交易费用
先决条件:
- 获取 zkSync Sepolia 测试网 ETH:https://learnweb3.io/faucets/zksync_sepolia/,https://docs.zksync.io/build/tooling/network-faucets.html
- 了解 Paymaster(可查看前面的教程)
相关工具:
- nodejs: 版本v18
- nextjs: 项目使用 React 和 Nextjs 作为前端框架
- ethers5: zkSync 与主网相同,都可采用 ethers 作为主要合约交互工具库使用
- zksync-ethers5: 此库在 ethers 基础上封装/附加功能,本教程将会采用其完成我们的 paymaster 集成到铸造 NFT 中。(注:若不使用 zkSync 独特的功能如抽象账户,Paymaster 等与 ethers 无异,直接使用 ethers 即可,不影响以往主网开发使用工具的流程)
- web3modal: 快捷美观的钱包工具库,提供连接钱包的集成 UI 和相应的逻辑
配置项目:
git clone https://github.com/WTFAcademy/WTF-zkSync.git
cd WTF-zkSync/Dapp_template
pnpm install // 或 yarn install 或 npm install目录结构:
常见的 nextjs 目录结构,我们主要入口是
(main)/page.tsx
然后划分两个 step:连接钱包,铸造 NFT,同时将所有合约相关逻辑抽到 hook 中完成。zksync-nft-demo
├── app
│ ├── (main)
│ │ ├── page.tsx
│ │ ├── step-connect-wallet.tsx
│ │ └── step-mint.tsx
│ ├── globals.css
│ ├── layout.tsx
│ └── providers.tsx
├── components
│ ├── checkout.tsx
│ ├── connect-button.tsx
│ ├── icons.tsx
│ ├── mint-nft-modal.tsx
│ ├── mint-token-modal.tsx
│ └── ui
├── constants
│ └── contract.ts
├── context
│ └── web3-modal.tsx
├── hooks
│ ├── use-nft.ts
│ ├── use-paymaster.ts
│ └── use-token.ts
├── lib
│ └── utils.ts
合约简单介绍:
合约都已开源,可以在https://sepolia.explorer.zksync.io/找到
NFT 合约: 对外暴露 mint 接口给用户执行,无限制
function mint(address recipient, string memory stoneName) public {
require(bytes(stoneName).length > 0, "stoneName must not be empty");
require(recipient != address(0), "recipient must not be the zero address");
_safeMint(recipient, tokenId);
_ownedTokens[recipient].push(tokenId);
_setTokenURI(tokenId, stoneName);
tokenId++;
}Token 合约: 普通 ERC20,对外暴露 mint,无限制
function mint(address _to, uint256 _amount) public returns (bool) {
_mint(_to, _amount);
return true;
}Paymaster 合约: ERC20 交易支付方案,允许前者 token 的持有者支付 token 作为 gas 手续费支付
前端开发
启动项目后,我们会看到一个连接钱包和一个初步完成的铸造界面
连接钱包
每个 Dapp 应用最开始肯定就是连接钱包了,我们这边将采用 web3modal + ethers5 来完成这个步骤:
首先进入
context/web3-modal.tsx
完成 web3modal 的初步构建,可以参考链接,注意需要前往Wallet Connect 注册一个 projectid// Dapp_template/context/web3-modal.tsx
"use client";
import { createWeb3Modal, defaultConfig } from "@web3modal/ethers5/react";
// 1. Get projectId at https://cloud.walletconnect.com
const projectId = ""; // 自行申请一个
// 2. Set chains
export const zkSyncSepoliaTestnet = {
chainId: 300,
name: "zkSync Sepolia Testnet",
currency: "ETH",
explorerUrl: "https://sepolia.explorerzksync.io/",
rpcUrl: "https://sepolia.era.zksync.dev",
};
// 3. Create modal
const metadata = {
name: "Web3Modal",
description: "Web3Modal ZkSync Example",
url: "https://web3modal.com", // origin must match your domain & subdomain
icons: ["https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/37784886"],
};
export const { getWalletProvider } = createWeb3Modal({
ethersConfig: defaultConfig({ metadata }),
chains: [zkSyncSepoliaTestnet],
projectId,
enableAnalytics: true, // Optional - defaults to your Cloud configuration
});
export function Web3ModalProvider({
children,
}: {
children: React.ReactNode,
}) {
return children;
}将其引用到在最上层使用,进入
app/providers.tsx
// Dapp_template/app/providers.tsx
"use client";
import { Web3ModalProvider } from "@/context/web3-modal";
import React, { ReactNode } from "react";
import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from "react-query";
const queryClient = new QueryClient();
export default function Providers({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
return (
<QueryClientProvider client={queryClient}>
<Web3ModalProvider>{children}</Web3ModalProvider>
</QueryClientProvider>
);
}在
app/(main)/step-connect-wallet.tsx
中我们自己定义一下连接按钮样式,使用useWeb3Modal
的open
打开连接钱包弹窗进行钱包连接,切换网络等操作,同时使用useWeb3ModalAccount
给出的状态address
,isConnected
在 UI 层做出一些交互优化展示// Dapp_template/app/(main)/step-connect-wallet.tsx
import { Icons } from "@/components/icons";
import { truncate } from "@/lib/utils";
import { useWeb3Modal, useWeb3ModalAccount } from "@web3modal/ethers5/react";
import { useEffect } from "react";
const StepConnectWallet = ({ next }: { next: () => void }) => {
const { open } = useWeb3Modal();
const { address, isConnected } = useWeb3ModalAccount();
const handleClick = () => {
open().catch(console.error);
};
useEffect(() => {
if (isConnected) {
next();
}
}, [isConnected]);
return (
<div className="px-10 py-8 bg-[#ffffff] rounded-lg shadow flex items-center justify-center">
<button
className="rounded-lg border-px border-border"
onClick={handleClick}
>
<div className="flex items-center gap-3 justify-center">
<Icons.wallet className="w-4 h-4" />
<span>
{isConnected ? (
<span className="flex items-center gap-2">
<span>已连接</span>
<span className="text-[#000000] text-sm">
{truncate(address!)}
</span>
</span>
) : (
"连接钱包"
)}
</span>
</div>
</button>
</div>
);
};
export default StepConnectWallet;
此时已经完成了我们钱包的逻辑处理,接下来我们要深入合约交互逻辑处理,我们要做的就是基于合约完成 3 个 hooks:useToken, usePaymaster, useNFT
usePaymaster (
hooks/use-paymaster.ts
)我们将会在此 hook 中完成 paymaster 的部分参数组装,以便快速运用到其他的合约调用中,并且获取 paymaster 余额,来告知用户是否仍然可以继续使用 token 替代 gas 支付, 以下关键代码中我们采用 type 为
ApprovalBased
来完成 Token 的逻辑处理,并且设定minimalAllowance
为指定值,此处表示支付的 Token 数量用于替换手续费支出,这里实际上会更具具体的需求还给出动态的值,我们为了简单处理每笔交易都只需要支出 1 个 token 即可:const paymasterParams = utils.getPaymasterParams(PAYMASTER_ADDRESS, {
type: "ApprovalBased",
token: TOKEN_ADDRESS,
// set minimalAllowance as we defined in the paymaster contract
minimalAllowance: ethers.utils.parseEther("1"),
// empty bytes as testnet paymaster does not use innerInput
innerInput: new Uint8Array(),
});完整代码:
// Dapp_template/hooks/use-paymaster.ts
import { PAYMASTER_ADDRESS, TOKEN_ADDRESS } from "@/constants/contract"
import { useWeb3ModalAccount, useWeb3ModalProvider } from "@web3modal/ethers5/react"
import { Web3Provider, utils } from "zksync-ethers";
import { ethers } from "ethers"
import { useQuery } from "react-query"
const usePaymaster = () => {
const { isConnected } = useWeb3ModalAccount()
const { walletProvider } = useWeb3ModalProvider()
const {isLoading, data: paymasterBalance} = useQuery("paymaster", async () => {
const ethersProvider = new Web3Provider(walletProvider!)
const balance = await ethersProvider.getBalance(PAYMASTER_ADDRESS);
return ethers.utils.formatEther(balance);
}, {
enabled: isConnected,
refetchInterval: 3000
})
const paymasterParams = utils.getPaymasterParams(PAYMASTER_ADDRESS, {
type: "ApprovalBased",
token: TOKEN_ADDRESS,
// set minimalAllowance as we defined in the paymaster contract
minimalAllowance: ethers.utils.parseEther("1"),
// empty bytes as testnet paymaster does not use innerInput
innerInput: new Uint8Array(),
});
return {
paymasterBalance,
isLoading,
customData: {
gasPerPubdata: utils.DEFAULT_GAS_PER_PUBDATA_LIMIT,
paymasterParams,
}
}
}
export default usePaymaster;
useToken (
hooks/use-token.ts
)该合约我们首先需要完成获取 token 余额,mint 用于支付替代手续费,参考代码内容:
// Dapp_template/hooks/use-token.ts
const useToken = () => {
const { isConnected, address } = useWeb3ModalAccount()
const { walletProvider } = useWeb3ModalProvider()
const { customData } = usePaymaster();
const contract = useMemo(() => {
if (!isConnected) return null;
const ethersProvider = new Web3Provider(walletProvider!)
const signer = ethersProvider.getSigner();
return new Contract(TOKEN_ADDRESS, TOKEN_ABI, signer);
}, [isConnected, address])
const { data: tokenBalance, refetch: refetchToken } = useQuery(
["token", address],
async () => {
const erc20Contract = contract!;
const balance = await erc20Contract.balanceOf(address);
return ethers.utils.formatEther(balance).toString();
},
{
enabled: isConnected,
refetchInterval: 0
}
)
const { data: mintTx, isLoading: isMintLoading, mutateAsync: mint } = useMutation(
["mint", address],
async () => {
const erc20Contract = contract!;
const tx = await erc20Contract.mint(address, ethers.utils.parseEther("1000"), {
customData: ethers.utils.parseEther(tokenBalance!) > ethers.utils.parseEther("1") ? customData : undefined
});
await tx.wait();
return tx;
},
{
onSuccess: () => {
refetchToken();
toast.success("mint 1000 token success");
},
onError: (error: any) => {
console.log(error);
toast.error(error.data.message);
}
}
)
return {
tokenBalance,
refetchToken,
mint,
mintTx,
isMintLoading,
}
}在 Paymaster 调用的过程中,是需要用户 token 授权 Paymaster 合约才可调用,我们需要在前面的代码(
use-token
)中完善增加授权逻辑// Dapp_template/hooks/use-token.ts
// ...其他省略
const {data: allowance, refetch: refetchAllowance} = useQuery(["tokenAllowance", address], async () => {
const erc20Contract = contract!;
const allowance = await erc20Contract.allowance(address, customData.paymasterParams.paymaster);
return allowance;
}, {
enabled: isConnected,
refetchInterval: 0
})
const {
data: approvePaymasterTx,
isLoading: isApprovePaymasterLoading,
mutateAsync: approvePaymaster
} = useMutation("approve", async () => {
const erc20Contract = contract!;
const tx = await erc20Contract.approve(
PAYMASTER_ADDRESS,
ethers.constants.MaxUint256
);
await tx.wait();
return tx;
}, {
onSuccess: () => {
toast.success("approve paymaster success");
refetchAllowance();
}
})
return {
// ...省略其他
isAllowancePaymaster: allowance?.gte(ethers.utils.parseEther("1")),
approvePaymaster,
isApprovePaymasterLoading,
approvePaymasterTx,
}我们期望页面能够展示 Token Mint 环节产生的 Gas 消耗情况,以及利用余额判断是否满足 paymaster 调用(paymaster 限制了最少需要 1 个 token),我们继续基于前面代码(
use-token
)增加以下两个内容:// Dapp_template/hooks/use-token.ts
const getTokenMintEstimate = async () => {
const ethersProvider = new Web3Provider(walletProvider!)
const erc20Contract = contract!;
const gasEstimate = await erc20Contract.estimateGas.mint(address, ethers.utils.parseEther("1000"));
const gasPrice = await ethersProvider.getGasPrice();
const cost = gasPrice.mul(gasEstimate);
return {
gas: ethers.utils.formatEther(gasEstimate).toString(),
gasPrice: ethers.utils.formatEther(gasPrice).toString(),
cost: ethers.utils.formatEther(cost).toString()
}
}
return {
//...
getTokenMintEstimate,
canNonGas: tokenBalance ? ethers.utils.parseEther(tokenBalance!) > ethers.utils.parseEther("1") : false
}
useNFT (
hooks/use-nft.ts
)NFT 合约中我们需要完成 NFT 持有数量查询,mint NFT 逻辑,同时 mint 时,我们集成了 paymaster 的支付手段,首先我们需要关注的是我们采用的是 zksync-ethers 的
Contract
和Web3Provider
这是官方扩展的类,里面涉及了抽象账户,Paymaster 逻辑等 zksync 独特的功能,我们这边需要用到 paymaster,故我们不能直接采用 ethers 里面构建合约;其次我们在调用合约的时候传入customData
即可,这里我们在前面usePaymaster
中已经提及,这是调用 paymaster 的关键:// 伪代码,不可运行,非use-nft.ts中的代码
import { Contract, Web3Provider } from "zksync-ethers";
import { ethers } from "ethers";
const contract = useMemo(() => {
if (!isConnected) return null;
const ethersProvider = new Web3Provider(walletProvider!)
const signer = ethersProvider.getSigner();
return new Contract(NFT_ADDRESS, NFT_ABI, signer);
}, [isConnected, address])
async () => {
if (!contract) return null;
const tx = await contract.mint(address, "Space Stone", {
customData: canNonGas ? customData : undefined
});
await tx.wait();
return tx;
}创建
hooks/use-nft.ts
,根据关键代码写入内容如下:// Dapp_template/hooks/use-nft.ts
const useNft = () => {
const { isConnected, address } = useWeb3ModalAccount()
const { walletProvider } = useWeb3ModalProvider()
const { canNonGas } = useToken();
const { customData } = usePaymaster();
const contract = useMemo(() => {
if (!isConnected) return null;
const ethersProvider = new Web3Provider(walletProvider!)
const signer = ethersProvider.getSigner();
return new Contract(NFT_ADDRESS, NFT_ABI, signer);
}, [isConnected, address])
const { data: nftBalance, refetch } = useQuery(["nftBalance", address], async () => {
if (!contract) return null;
const balance = await contract.balanceOf(address);
return balance.toString();
}, {
enabled: isConnected,
refetchInterval: 0
})
const {
data: mintTx,
isLoading: isMintLoading,
mutateAsync: mint
} = useMutation(["mintNft", address], async () => {
if (!contract) return null;
const tx = await contract.mint(address, "Space Stone", {
customData: canNonGas ? customData : undefined
});
await tx.wait();
return tx;
}, {
onSuccess: () => {
toast.success("NFT minted successfully");
refetch();
},
onError: (err: any) => {
toast.error(err.message);
}
})
return {
nftBalance,
mintTx,
isMintLoading,
mint,
}
}当然我们也要与 token 类似,为了辅助我们页面展示 mint NFT 消耗 Gas 的情况,我们也加入了 getNFTMintEstimate 计算,在前者代码(
use-nft
)中增加函数// Dapp_template/hooks/use-nft.ts
// ...其他省略
const getNFTMintEstimate = async () => {
const ethersProvider = new Web3Provider(walletProvider!)
const nftContract = contract!;
const gasEstimate = await nftContract.estimateGas.mint(address, "Space Stone");
const gasPrice = await ethersProvider.getGasPrice();
const cost = gasPrice.mul(gasEstimate);
return {
gas: ethers.utils.formatEther(gasEstimate).toString(),
gasPrice: ethers.utils.formatEther(gasPrice).toString(),
cost: ethers.utils.formatEther(cost).toString()
}
}
return {
// ...其他省略
getNFTMintEstimate
}
前面我们已经完了所有合约交互相关的核心逻辑,接下来我们要把他们运用到页面中,让我们的页面更加完善,我们需完成一下内容,样式部分我已经在模版中完成,只需要使用 hooks 填充数据即可:
打开
app/(main)/step-mint.tsx
完成初始数据加载// Dapp_template/app/(main)/step-mint.tsx
const StepMint = () => {
const { paymasterBalance } = usePaymaster();
const { tokenBalance } = useToken();
return (
<div className="px-10 py-8 bg-[#1E1E1E] rounded-lg shadow text-[#ffffff] flex flex-col gap-4">
<div className="text-[#29BC38] font-bold text-xl">
WTF zkSync NFT Mint
</div>
<div className="space-y-3">
<div className="space-x-1">
<span className="text-gray-400">Paymaster 余额:</span>
<span>{paymasterBalance} ETH</span>
</div>
<div className="space-x-1">
<span className="text-gray-400">Paymaster 指定Token余额: </span>
<span>{tokenBalance}</span>
<MintTokenModal />
</div>
<div className="space-x-1">
<span className="text-gray-400">NFT铸造:</span>
<MintNFTModal />
</div>
</div>
</div>
);
};完成
components/mint-token-modal
逻辑,以铸造满足 Paymaster 使用的 token 金额// Dapp_template/components/mint-token-modal.tsx
// 1. 使用 useToken hook 获取 tokenBalance,mint等执行函数和状态
// 2. 计算fee, GasPrice, 实际支出
// 3. 使用Checkout组件展示支付信息
// 4. 新增执行和授权按钮
const MintTokenModal = () => {
const [openModal, setOpenModal] = useState<boolean>(false);
const {
tokenBalance,
getTokenMintEstimate,
mint,
isMintLoading,
canNonGas,
isAllowancePaymaster,
approvePaymaster,
isApprovePaymasterLoading,
} = useToken();
const {
data: tokenMintEstimate,
isLoading: isTokenMintEstimateLoading,
} = useQuery("tokenMintEstimate", getTokenMintEstimate, {
enabled: openModal,
});
return (
<Dialog open={openModal} onOpenChange={setOpenModal}>
<DialogTrigger>
<a className="text-blue-600">Mint</a>
</DialogTrigger>
<DialogContent>
<DialogHeader>
<DialogTitle>
领取支付代币 {canNonGas && "(无GAS版)"}
</DialogTitle>
<DialogDescription>用于支付手续费的代币</DialogDescription>
</DialogHeader>
<div className="flex flex-col gap-4 mb-4">
<div className="text-sm">代币合约地址:{TOKEN_ADDRESS}</div>
<div className="text-sm">
当前账户代币余额:{tokenBalance || 0} WTF
</div>
<Checkout
gas={tokenMintEstimate?.gas}
gasPrice={tokenMintEstimate?.gasPrice}
cost={tokenMintEstimate?.cost}
nonGas={canNonGas}
transaction="Mint (amount = 1000 WTF)"
/>
</div>
<DialogFooter>
{isAllowancePaymaster ? (
<Button
size="sm"
className="w-full"
disabled={isMintLoading}
onClick={() => mint()}
>
开始执行
</Button>
) : (
<Button
size="sm"
className="w-full"
disabled={isApprovePaymasterLoading}
onClick={() => approvePaymaster()}
>
授权代币作为手续费支付
</Button>
)}
</DialogFooter>
</DialogContent>
</Dialog>
);
};在
components/mint-nft-modal
中使用 useNFT 完成逻辑交互// Dapp_template/components/mint-nft-modal.tsx
// 1. 使用 useNft hook 获取 nftBalance,mint等执行函数和状态
// 2. 计算fee, GasPrice, 实际支出
// 3. 使用Checkout组件展示支付信息
// 4. 新增执行按钮
const MintNFTModal = () => {
const [openModal, setOpenModal] = useState<boolean>(false);
const { nftBalance, getNFTMintEstimate, mint, isMintLoading } = useNft();
const { canNonGas } = useToken();
const { data: nftMintEstimate, isLoading: isTokenMintEstimateLoading } =
useQuery("nftMintEstimate", getNFTMintEstimate, {
enabled: openModal,
});
return (
<Dialog open={openModal} onOpenChange={setOpenModal}>
<DialogTrigger>
<a className="text-blue-600 cursor-pointer">Mint</a>
</DialogTrigger>
<DialogContent>
<DialogHeader>
<DialogTitle>铸造NFT {canNonGas && "(无GAS版)"}</DialogTitle>
<DialogDescription>可使用WTF测试币作为手续费</DialogDescription>
</DialogHeader>
<div className="flex flex-col gap-4 mb-4">
<div className="text-sm">NFT合约地址:{NFT_ADDRESS}</div>
<div className="text-sm">当前账户持有NFT:{nftBalance || 0}</div>
<Checkout
gas={nftMintEstimate?.gas}
gasPrice={nftMintEstimate?.gasPrice}
cost={nftMintEstimate?.cost}
nonGas={canNonGas}
transaction="Mint (amount = 1)"
/>
</div>
<DialogFooter>
<Button
size="sm"
className="w-full"
disabled={isMintLoading}
onClick={() => mint()}
>
开始执行
</Button>
</DialogFooter>
</DialogContent>
</Dialog>
);
};
此时我们已完成了前端开发,我们可以去页面中开始尝试 paymaster 的神奇吧!体验无 Gas 铸造 NFT 的过程。
- 使用
pnpm dev | yarn dev | npm run dev
导航到http://localhost:3000
并刷新页面。单击“连接钱包”链接您的 MetaMask 帐户。确保你持有 zksync Sepolia 测试网 ETH - 查看 paymaster 余额,如果不够可以捐赠一些以满足正常是的运转
- 铸造 Token 用于 NFT 铸造的支付
- 开始 NFT 铸造,可以看到右侧一个签名,完成后即可满足最终的交易执行成功
- 使用